CTE | Center for Teaching Excellence

Knowles' (1980) Theory of Andragogy

Many online courses in higher education are, of course, targeted for adult learners, particularly in graduate programs. Knowles' (1980) theory of andragogy applies. Knowles proposes four fundamental assumptions about designing instruction for adults: Adults need to know why they need to learn something.

Adults need to learn through experience.
Adults tend approach learning as problem-solving.
Adults learn best when the subject content is of clear and immediate importance.

Andragogy proposes that adult instruction should focus on process more than rote content, using strategies such as simulations, case studies, role playing, and reflection. Knowles proposes four basic principles for adult instruction:

Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of instruction.
Errors and experience provide the basis for learning activities.
Immediate relevance of subject content to jobs and personal lives is important to adults.
Adult learning is best problem-centered , rather than content-centered.

Knowles' (1980) Theory of Andragogy

Knowles, M. S. (1980). The modern practice of adult education: From pedagogy to andragogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Cambridge Adult Education.